Kurvelesh (region)
40°14′12″N 19°52′1″E / 40.23667°N 19.86694°E
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Kurvelesh is a region in southern Albania, within the Southern Mountain Range.[1] In the region, which is divided into the communes of Brataj, Horë-Vranisht, Kurvelesh and Picar, fifteen villages are located.[2] It is considered to be the heart of the larger Labëria region. The Kurvelesh region is inhabited by Lab Albanians.[3] Traditionally neighbourhoods of local villages in the region had houses built as fortresses lacking windows on the ground floor while the blood feud used to be a common feature of the area.[3] The people of Kurvelesh practised endogamy by intermarrying within the villages of the region.[3]
History
[edit]The etymology of Kurvelesh contains the Albanian word Lesh which means hair-fur-wool etc, and is common among Albanian surnames.
An old folk etymology recorded by Evliya Çelebi in his “Travelling through southern Albania in 1670” is that an Arab sheik called Jabal-i Alhama migrated to the region and named it Quryelesh (Kurvelesh) mountains, meaning Qurayshi as he was from this tribe and his followers who came with him.[4][5][6][7][8]
This folk etymology was likely made up by Albanian Muslims wanting more power and legitimacy of rule in the Ottoman Empire as they were already gaining influence therefore a claim like this would boost their chances in the eyes of the Ottomans. Similar to how others with no Turkish or Arab roots in the Balkans would claim these roots for legitimacy in the empire. A notable example of this behaviour would be Ali Pasha Tepelena himself.
The inhabitants of Kurveleshi revolted against the Ottoman Empire in 1431/1432 and in 1481. It has been suggested that a reason to resist the establishment of the Ottoman rule seems to have been the attempt of the Ottomans to introduce a centralised administration, which was in contrast to the strong tribal loyalties and local interests that were deep rooted in the mountains of the region, because they have never been incorporated into a feudal system or ruled by a central government.[9] At the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Albanian ruler of the Pashalik of Yanina, Ali Pasha, reached an agreement with the Kurveleshi population, not to trespass their territories, which at that time were larger than the area they inhabit today.[10] Kurvelesh was centre of the Albanian Revolt of 1847 directed against Ottoman Tanzimat reforms.
Culture
[edit]The inhabitants of the Kurvelesh region speak the Lab dialect of the Albanian language and are Muslim. In Kurvelesh the practice of the Muranë (tumuli for the cult of the ancestor / hero) has been attested in some mountains like Këndrevica.[11] Bolla e Shtëpisë and Kulshedra are some of the Albanian mythological figures that are also found among the Kurveleshi population.[12] In Nowruz or in the Albanian Spring Day (Dita e Verës) in some villages of Kurvelesh, people used to address rainmaking prayers to the deity for plants and cattle.[13] The practice of gjakmarrja (blood feud) is found in Kurvelesh.[10]
Historical social organization
[edit]The mountain region of Kurveleshi was the last example of a tribal system among southern Albanians.[14][15] It was regulated by the Code of Zuli (Kanuni i Papa Zhulit/Zulit or Kanuni i Idriz Sulit).[15] In Kurvelesh the names of the villages were built as collective pluralia, which designated the tribal settlements. For instance, Lazarat can be considered as a toponym that was originated to refer to the descendants of Lazar and Progonat meaning descendants of Progon.[16]
Notable people
[edit]- Sali Nivica, politician, writer, journalist and teacher.
- Nafiz Bezhani, jurist, politician and writer.
- Zenel Gjoleka, leader of the Albanian Revolt of 1847.
- Muzafer Korkuti, archaeologist and Vice President of the Academy of Sciences of Albania.
- Jakup Mato, head of Centre of Art Studies of the Academy of Sciences of Albania.
- Hodo Nivica, leader of the Albanian Revolt of 1847.
- Çelo Picari, leader of the Albanian Revolt of 1847.
References
[edit]- ^ Geonames. "Kurvelesh region".
- ^ Kaser, Karl; Pichler, Robert; Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (2002). Die weite Welt und das Dorf: albanische Emigration am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts (in German). Böhlau Verlag Wien. p. 133. ISBN 9783205994138.
- ^ a b c Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1967). Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 28. ISBN 9780198142539. "by the vendetta, which is very strong in the whole of Kurevelesh... For example the Albanians of the Kurvelesh call themselves a group of the Liaps (Liapidhes in the Greek form) and hold their neighbour in contempt. The intermarry only within the villages of the Kurvelesh; they are all Mohammedan, some families are polygamous, and the houses in the mahaladhes are built as fortresses with no windows on the ground floor."; pp. 216-217. "While this journey through Kurvelesh... The villages are Albanian in speech, and it is rare to find a man who knows Greek."
- ^ "Legend of Jabal-i Alhama - Albanian Literature | Legends". www.albanianliterature.net. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
- ^ "Albanian Legends – Page 2 – Shqipopedia | Encyclopedia Albanica". 2019-12-04. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
- ^ "1670 | Evliya Chelebi: Seyahatname - a Journey to Berat and Elbasan". www.albanianhistory.net. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
- ^ "Evliya Çelebi-u dhe "kamera" e tij që sheh nga të gjitha anët | Lajmet shqip". lajmetshqip.com. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
- ^ Gjokaj, Fahrudin (2021-10-21). "Jo fyerje, por krenari – KOHA JAVORE". Retrieved 2024-09-08.
- ^ Giakoumis 2004.
- ^ a b Mangalakova 2004, p. 7.
- ^ Tirta 2004, p. 87.
- ^ Tirta 2004, pp. 149, 72, 73.
- ^ Tirta 2004, p. 308.
- ^ Hammond, N. G. L. (1958). Nutt, D. (ed.). "The Geography of Epirus". The Classical Review. 8 (1). Cambridge University Press: 72–74. doi:10.1017/S0009840X00163887. S2CID 163737998.
- ^ a b Mangalakova 2004, pp. 7, 8.
- ^ Desnickaja 1973, p. 48.
Sources
[edit]- Desnickaja, A. V. (1973). "Language Interferences and Historical Dialectology". Linguistics. 11 (113): 41–52. doi:10.1515/ling.1973.11.113.41. S2CID 144569294.
- Giakoumis, K. (2004). "The Ottoman Advance and Consolidation in Epiros and Albania During the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries". Ηπεηρωηηθό Ηκεροιόγηο. 23: 217–244.
- Mangalakova, Tanya (2004). "The Kanun in Present-Day Albania, Kosovo, and Montenegro". International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations. Sofia.
- Tirta, Mark (2004). Petrit Bezhani (ed.). Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë (in Albanian). Tirana: Mësonjëtorja. ISBN 99927-938-9-9.
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